Why an executable program for a specific CPU does not work on Linux and Windows?

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There are many differences. Among them:

  1. Executable Format: Every OS requires the binaries to conform to a specific binary format. For Windows, this is Portable Executable (PE) format. For Linux, it’s ELF most of the time (it supports other types too).

  2. Application Binary Interface: Each OS defines a set of primary system functions and the way a program calls them. This is fundamentally different between Linux and Windows. While the instructions that compute 2 + 2 are identical on Linux and Windows in x86 architecture, the way the application starts, the way it prints out the output, and the way it exits differs between the operating systems.

Yes, both Linux and Windows programs on x86 architecture use the instruction set that the CPU supports which is defined by Intel.

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