Why aren’t some technically serializable input properties serializable?

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The Specification for input elements defines the exact behaviour. Start reading from here (before that, the DOM interface, attributes and types are defined).

Concise summary (value is defined similarly to checked, so for brevity, I’m going to explain value only).

The “property” value reflects value def,
the “attribute” value reflects the value content attribute def.

  • The attribute defines the default value property (ref). This value is also reflected def by the defaultValue property (ref).
  • When the value attribute is set, then the value property changes (ref) *.

That was worded very concisely. I’ve skipped an important detail. The specification is very clear at this point, so I’ll just quote the dirty value flag section:

Each input element has a boolean dirty value flag. The dirty value
flag must be initially set to false when the element is created, and
must be set to true whenever the user interacts with the control in a
way that changes the value.

The value content attribute gives the default value of the input
element. When the value content attribute is added, set, or removed,
if the control’s dirty value flag is false, the user agent must set
the value of the element to the value of the value content attribute,
if there is one, or the empty string otherwise, and then run the
current value sanitization algorithm, if one is defined.

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