Basic Recursion, Check Balanced Parenthesis

First, to your original question, just be aware that if you’re working with very long strings, you don’t want to be making exact copies minus a single letter each time you make a function call. So you should favor using indexes or verify that your language of choice isn’t making copies behind the scenes.

Second, I have an issue with all the answers here that are using a stack data structure. I think the point of your assignment is for you to understand that with recursion your function calls create a stack. You don’t need to use a stack data structure to hold your parentheses because each recursive call is a new entry on an implicit stack.

I’ll demonstrate with a C program that matches ( and ). Adding the other types like [ and ] is an exercise for the reader. All I maintain in the function is my position in the string (passed as a pointer) because the recursion is my stack.

/* Search a string for matching parentheses.  If the parentheses match, returns a
 * pointer that addresses the nul terminator at the end of the string.  If they
 * don't match, the pointer addresses the first character that doesn't match.
 */
const char *match(const char *str)
{
        if( *str == '\0' || *str == ')' ) { return str; }
        if( *str == '(' )
        {
                const char *closer = match(++str);
                if( *closer == ')' )
                {
                        return match(++closer);
                }
                return str - 1;
        }

        return match(++str);
}

Tested with this code:

    const char *test[] = {
            "()", "(", ")", "", "(()))", "(((())))", "()()(()())",
            "(() ( hi))) (())()(((( ))))", "abcd"
    };

    for( index = 0; index < sizeof(test) / sizeof(test[0]); ++index ) {
            const char *result = match(test[index]);

            printf("%s:\t", test[index]);
            *result == '\0' ? printf("Good!\n") :
                    printf("Bad @ char %d\n", result - test[index] + 1);
    }

Output:

(): Good!
(:  Bad @ char 1
):  Bad @ char 1
:   Good!
(())):      Bad @ char 5
(((()))):   Good!
()()(()()): Good!
(() ( hi))) (())()(((( )))):    Bad @ char 11
abcd:       Good!