Can I use assert on Android devices?

See the Embedded VM Control document (raw HTML from the source tree, or a nicely formatted copy).

Basically, the Dalvik VM is set to ignore assertion checks by default, even though the .dex byte code includes the code to perform the check. Checking assertions is turned on in one of two ways:

(1) by setting the system property “debug.assert” via:

adb shell setprop debug.assert 1

which I verified works as intended as long as you reinstall your app after doing this, or

(2) by sending the command line argument “–enable-assert” to the dalvik VM which might not be something app developers are likely to be able to do (somebody correct me if I’m wrong here).

Basically, there is a flag that can be set either globally, at a package level, or at a class level which enables assertions at that respective level. The flag is off by default, as a result of which the assertion checks are skipped.

I wrote the following code in my sample Activity:

public class AssertActivity extends Activity {
  @Override
  protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    setContentView(R.layout.main);
    int x = 2 + 3;
    assert x == 4;
  }
}

For this code, the dalvik byte code that is generated is (for Android 2.3.3):

// Static constructor for the class
000318:                                        |[000318] com.example.asserttest.AssertActivity.:()V
000328: 1c00 0300                              |0000: const-class v0, Lcom/example/asserttest/AssertActivity; // class@0003
00032c: 6e10 0c00 0000                         |0002: invoke-virtual {v0}, Ljava/lang/Class;.desiredAssertionStatus:()Z // method@000c
000332: 0a00                                   |0005: move-result v0
000334: 3900 0600                              |0006: if-nez v0, 000c // +0006
000338: 1210                                   |0008: const/4 v0, #int 1 // #1
00033a: 6a00 0000                              |0009: sput-boolean v0, Lcom/example/asserttest/AssertActivity;.$assertionsDisabled:Z // field@0000
00033e: 0e00                                   |000b: return-void
000340: 1200                                   |000c: const/4 v0, #int 0 // #0
000342: 28fc                                   |000d: goto 0009 // -0004

:
:

// onCreate()
00035c:                                        |[00035c] com.example.asserttest.AssertActivity.onCreate:(Landroid/os/Bundle;)V
00036c: 6f20 0100 3200                         |0000: invoke-super {v2, v3}, Landroid/app/Activity;.onCreate:(Landroid/os/Bundle;)V // method@0001
000372: 1501 037f                              |0003: const/high16 v1, #int 2130903040 // #7f03
000376: 6e20 0500 1200                         |0005: invoke-virtual {v2, v1}, Lcom/example/asserttest/AssertActivity;.setContentView:(I)V // method@0005
00037c: 1250                                   |0008: const/4 v0, #int 5 // #5
00037e: 6301 0000                              |0009: sget-boolean v1, Lcom/example/asserttest/AssertActivity;.$assertionsDisabled:Z // field@0000
000382: 3901 0b00                              |000b: if-nez v1, 0016 // +000b
000386: 1251                                   |000d: const/4 v1, #int 5 // #5
000388: 3210 0800                              |000e: if-eq v0, v1, 0016 // +0008
00038c: 2201 0c00                              |0010: new-instance v1, Ljava/lang/AssertionError; // class@000c
000390: 7010 0b00 0100                         |0012: invoke-direct {v1}, Ljava/lang/AssertionError;.:()V // method@000b
000396: 2701                                   |0015: throw v1
000398: 0e00                                   |0016: return-void

Notice how the static constructor invokes the method desiredAssertionStatus on the Class object and sets the class-wide variable $assertionsDisabled; also notice that in onCreate(), all of the code to throw java.lang.AssertionError is compiled in, but its execution is contingent upon the value of $assertionsDisabled which is set for the Class object in the static constructor.

It appears that JUnit’s Assert class is what is used predominantly, so it is likely a safe bet to use that. The flexibility of the assert keyword is the ability to turn on assertions at development time and turn them off for shipping bits and instead fail gracefully.

Hope this helps.