Can’t install pip packages inside a docker container with Ubuntu

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Your problem comes from the fact that Docker is not using the proper DNS server.
You can fix it in three different ways :

1. Adding Google DNS to your local config

Modifying /etc/resolv.conf and adding the following lines at the end

# Google IPv4 nameservers
nameserver 8.8.8.8
nameserver 8.8.4.4

If you want to add other DNS servers, have a look here.

However this change won’t be permanent (see this thread). To make it permanent :
$ sudo nano /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf

Uncomment and edit the line with prepend domain-name-server :
prepend domain-name-servers 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4;

Restart dhclient : $ sudo dhclient.

2. Modifying Docker config

As explained in the docs :

Systems that run Ubuntu or an Ubuntu derivative on the desktop typically use 127.0.0.1 as the default nameserver in /etc/resolv.conf file.

To specify a DNS server for use by Docker :

1. Log into Ubuntu as a user with sudo privileges.

2. Open the /etc/default/docker file for editing :

    $ sudo nano /etc/default/docker

3. Add the following setting for Docker.

    DOCKER_OPTS="--dns 8.8.8.8"

4. Save and close the file.

5. Restart the Docker daemon :

    $ sudo systemctl restart docker

3. Using a parameter when you run Docker

When you run docker, simply add the following parameter : --dns 8.8.8.8

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