Choropleth map in ggplot with polygons that have holes

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This is just an expansion on @Ista’s answer, which does not require that one knows which states (Berlin, Bremen) need to be rendered last.

This approach takes advantage of the fact that fortify(...) generates a column, hole which identifies whether a group of coordinates are a hole. So this renders all regions (id’s) with any holes before (e.g. underneath) the regions without holes.

Many thanks to @Ista, without whose answer I could not have come up with this (believe me, I spent many hours trying…) 

ggplot(map.df, aes(x=long, y=lat, group=group)) +
  geom_polygon(data=map.df[map.df$id %in% map.df[map.df$hole,]$id,],aes(fill=poverty))+
  geom_polygon(data=map.df[!map.df$id %in% map.df[map.df$hole,]$id,],aes(fill=poverty))+
  geom_path(colour="grey50")+
  scale_fill_gradientn(colours=brewer.pal(5,"OrRd"))+
  labs(x="",y="")+ theme_bw()+
  coord_fixed()

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