Detecting whether a user is behind a proxy

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TOR does not supply any server headers such as X_FORWARDED_FOR, so your best bet is to use a list of all known exit nodes. A list can be found at https://torstat.xenobite.eu/.

For other proxies, you can look at server headers. Possible server headers of interest include: 

HTTP_VIA 
HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
HTTP_FORWARDED_FOR 
HTTP_X_FORWARDED
HTTP_FORWARDED 
HTTP_CLIENT_IP
HTTP_FORWARDED_FOR_IP 
VIA
X_FORWARDED_FOR 
FORWARDED_FOR
X_FORWARDED FORWARDED
CLIENT_IP
FORWARDED_FOR_IP
HTTP_PROXY_CONNECTION

In PHP, you can get the value of these fields in the $_SERVER[] superglobal.

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