Does Microsoft OLE DB Provider for SQL Server support TLS 1.2

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The SQLOLEDB provider and the SQL Server ODBC driver that ship with Windows are legacy components provided only for backwards compatibility. These have been deprecated since SQL 2005.

According to this blog post by the MSSQL Tiger Team:

SQLOLEDB will not receive support for TLS 1.2. You will need to switch
your driver to one of the supported drivers listed in
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/3135244

You should be able to install SQL Server Native Client 2012 and use that OLE DB provider with only a connection string change (change Provider=SQLOLEDB to Provider=SQLNCLI11). Of course, once should test to avoid surprises. For example, I recall someone experiencing behavior differences with the SQL Server Native Client provider and ADO classic when server API cursors were used, although the commonly used firehose cursors were fine. 

EDIT

The new OLE DB driver, MSOLEDBSQL, has been released. This new driver includes the support for the latest TLS 1.2 standards and is backwards compatible with SQL Server Native Client 11 (SQLNCLI11). See the Microsoft SQLNCLi team blog announcement. Change the connection string to Provider=MSOLEDBSQL after installation.

EDIT #2

Time continues to march on. The SQL Server Native Client OLE DB driver is now deprecated in favor of MSOLEDBSQL. End of support for the final 2012 SNAC version is July 12, 2012.

Furthermore, as David called out in his answer, Microsoft recently added support for TLS 1.2 MDAC components in Windows 10 Build 17763.1554:

Adds support for the Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.1 and 1.2
protocols when connecting to SQL Server using the data providers in
Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC)

No enhancements (e.g. support for post-SQL 2000 data types) were added, though.

In summary, newer SQL Server client drivers provides more control over the specific driver and version without a direct OS patch level dependency. Modern drivers like MSOLEDBSQL and ODBC Driver n for SQL Server are continuously improved to support latest SQL Server features and security standards.

EDIT#3

SQLOLEDB and the SQL Server ODBC driver (part of MDAC, shipped and serviced with Windows) has support for TLS 1.2 with October 20, 2020 build, version 17763.1554. This applies to Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019 or later.

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