You don’t need to use array_filter
and a custom / lambda function, preg_grep
does the trick:
$input = preg_quote('bl', '~'); // don't forget to quote input string!
$data = array('orange', 'blue', 'green', 'red', 'pink', 'brown', 'black');
$result = preg_grep('~' . $input . '~', $data);