$ git diff --help
-G<regex>
Look for differences whose added or removed line matches the given <regex>.
EDIT:
After some tests I’ve got something like
git diff -b -w --word-diff-regex='.*\[[^"]*\]'
Then I’ve got output like:
diff --git a/test.php b/test.php
index 62a2de0..b76891f 100644
--- a/test.php
+++ b/test.php
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
<?php
{+$my_array[my_key]+} = "test";
?>
diff --git a/test1.php b/test1.php
index 62a2de0..6102fed 100644
--- a/test1.php
+++ b/test1.php
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
<?php
some_other_stuff();
?>
Maybe it will help you. I found it here http://www.rhinocerus.net/forum/lang-lisp/659593-git-word-diff-regex-lisp-source.html and there is more information on this thread
EDIT2:
git diff -G'\[[A-Za-z_]*\]' --pickaxe-regex