scipy provides a correlation function which will work fine for small input and also if you want non-circular correlation meaning that the signal will not wrap around. note that in mode="full" , the size of the array returned by signal.correlation is sum of the signal sizes minus one (i.e. len(a) + len(b) - 1), so the value from argmax is off by (signal size -1 = 20) from what you seem to expect.
from scipy import signal, fftpack
import numpy
a = numpy.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
b = numpy.array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0])
numpy.argmax(signal.correlate(a,b)) -> 16
numpy.argmax(signal.correlate(b,a)) -> 24
The two different values correspond to whether the shift is in a or b.
If you want circular correlation and for big signal size, you can use the convolution/Fourier transform theorem with the caveat that correlation is very similar to but not identical to convolution.
A = fftpack.fft(a)
B = fftpack.fft(b)
Ar = -A.conjugate()
Br = -B.conjugate()
numpy.argmax(numpy.abs(fftpack.ifft(Ar*B))) -> 4
numpy.argmax(numpy.abs(fftpack.ifft(A*Br))) -> 17
again the two values correspond to whether your interpreting a shift in a or a shift in b.
The negative conjugation is due to convolution flipping one of the functions, but in correlation there is no flipping. You can undo the flipping by either reversing one of the signals and then taking the FFT, or taking the FFT of the signal and then taking the negative conjugate. i.e. the following is true: Ar = -A.conjugate() = fft(a[::-1])