How can I check if a background image is loaded?

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try this:

$('<img/>').attr('src', 'http://picture.de/image.png').on('load', function() {
   $(this).remove(); // prevent memory leaks as @benweet suggested
   $('body').css('background-image', 'url(http://picture.de/image.png)');
});

this will create a new image in memory and use load event to detect when the src is loaded.

EDIT: in Vanilla JavaScript it can look like this:

var src="http://picture.de/image.png";
var image = new Image();
image.addEventListener('load', function() {
   body.style.backgroundImage="url(" + src + ')';
});
image.src = src;

it can be abstracted into handy function that return a promise:

function load(src) {
    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const image = new Image();
        image.addEventListener('load', resolve);
        image.addEventListener('error', reject);
        image.src = src;
    });
}

const image="http://placekitten.com/200/300";
load(image).then(() => {
   body.style.backgroundImage = `url(${image})`;
});

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