I came up against this too and found what I consider to be a very satisfying solution.
Note that using query parameters .../foo.js?v=1 supposedly means that the file will apparently not be cached by some proxy servers. It’s better to modify the path directly.
We need the browser to force a reload when the content changes. So, in the code I wrote, the path includes an MD5 hash of the file being referenced. If the file is republished to the web server but has the same content, then its URL is identical. What’s more, it’s safe to use an infinite expiry for caching too, as the content of that URL will never change.
This hash is calculated at runtime (and cached in memory for performance), so there’s no need to modify your build process. In fact, since adding this code to my site, I haven’t had to give it much thought.
You can see it in action at this site: Dive Seven – Online Dive Logging for Scuba Divers
In CSHTML/ASPX files
<head>
@Html.CssImportContent("~/Content/Styles/site.css");
@Html.ScriptImportContent("~/Content/Styles/site.js");
</head>
<img src="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/936626/@Url.ImageContent("~/Content/Images/site.png")" />
This generates markup resembling:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="https://stackoverflow.com/c/e2b2c827e84b676fa90a8ae88702aa5c" />
<script src="/c/240858026520292265e0834e5484b703"></script>
</head>
<img src="/c/4342b8790623f4bfeece676b8fe867a9" />
In Global.asax.cs
We need to create a route to serve the content at this path:
routes.MapRoute(
"ContentHash",
"c/{hash}",
new { controller = "Content", action = "Get" },
new { hash = @"^[0-9a-zA-Z]+$" } // constraint
);
ContentController
This class is quite long. The crux of it is simple, but it turns out that you need to watch for changes to the file system in order to force recalculation of cached file hashes. I publish my site via FTP and, for example, the bin folder is replaced before the Content folder. Anyone (human or spider) that requests the site during that period will cause the old hash to be updated.
The code looks much more complex than it is due to read/write locking.
public sealed class ContentController : Controller
{
#region Hash calculation, caching and invalidation on file change
private static readonly Dictionary<string, string> _hashByContentUrl = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
private static readonly Dictionary<string, ContentData> _dataByHash = new Dictionary<string, ContentData>(StringComparer.Ordinal);
private static readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _lock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim(LockRecursionPolicy.NoRecursion);
private static readonly object _watcherLock = new object();
private static FileSystemWatcher _watcher;
internal static string ContentHashUrl(string contentUrl, string contentType, HttpContextBase httpContext, UrlHelper urlHelper)
{
EnsureWatching(httpContext);
_lock.EnterUpgradeableReadLock();
try
{
string hash;
if (!_hashByContentUrl.TryGetValue(contentUrl, out hash))
{
var contentPath = httpContext.Server.MapPath(contentUrl);
// Calculate and combine the hash of both file content and path
byte[] contentHash;
byte[] urlHash;
using (var hashAlgorithm = MD5.Create())
{
using (var fileStream = System.IO.File.Open(contentPath, FileMode.Open, FileAccess.Read, FileShare.Read))
contentHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(fileStream);
urlHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(contentPath));
}
var sb = new StringBuilder(32);
for (var i = 0; i < contentHash.Length; i++)
sb.Append((contentHash[i] ^ urlHash[i]).ToString("x2"));
hash = sb.ToString();
_lock.EnterWriteLock();
try
{
_hashByContentUrl[contentUrl] = hash;
_dataByHash[hash] = new ContentData { ContentUrl = contentUrl, ContentType = contentType };
}
finally
{
_lock.ExitWriteLock();
}
}
return urlHelper.Action("Get", "Content", new { hash });
}
finally
{
_lock.ExitUpgradeableReadLock();
}
}
private static void EnsureWatching(HttpContextBase httpContext)
{
if (_watcher != null)
return;
lock (_watcherLock)
{
if (_watcher != null)
return;
var contentRoot = httpContext.Server.MapPath("https://stackoverflow.com/");
_watcher = new FileSystemWatcher(contentRoot) { IncludeSubdirectories = true, EnableRaisingEvents = true };
var handler = (FileSystemEventHandler)delegate(object sender, FileSystemEventArgs e)
{
// TODO would be nice to have an inverse function to MapPath. does it exist?
var changedContentUrl = "~" + e.FullPath.Substring(contentRoot.Length - 1).Replace("\\", "https://stackoverflow.com/");
_lock.EnterWriteLock();
try
{
// if there is a stored hash for the file that changed, remove it
string oldHash;
if (_hashByContentUrl.TryGetValue(changedContentUrl, out oldHash))
{
_dataByHash.Remove(oldHash);
_hashByContentUrl.Remove(changedContentUrl);
}
}
finally
{
_lock.ExitWriteLock();
}
};
_watcher.Changed += handler;
_watcher.Deleted += handler;
}
}
private sealed class ContentData
{
public string ContentUrl { get; set; }
public string ContentType { get; set; }
}
#endregion
public ActionResult Get(string hash)
{
_lock.EnterReadLock();
try
{
// set a very long expiry time
Response.Cache.SetExpires(DateTime.Now.AddYears(1));
Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.Public);
// look up the resource that this hash applies to and serve it
ContentData data;
if (_dataByHash.TryGetValue(hash, out data))
return new FilePathResult(data.ContentUrl, data.ContentType);
// TODO replace this with however you handle 404 errors on your site
throw new Exception("Resource not found.");
}
finally
{
_lock.ExitReadLock();
}
}
}
Helper Methods
You can remove the attributes if you don’t use ReSharper.
public static class ContentHelpers
{
[Pure]
public static MvcHtmlString ScriptImportContent(this HtmlHelper htmlHelper, [NotNull, PathReference] string contentPath, [CanBeNull, PathReference] string minimisedContentPath = null)
{
if (contentPath == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("contentPath");
#if DEBUG
var path = contentPath;
#else
var path = minimisedContentPath ?? contentPath;
#endif
var url = ContentController.ContentHashUrl(contentPath, "text/javascript", htmlHelper.ViewContext.HttpContext, new UrlHelper(htmlHelper.ViewContext.RequestContext));
return new MvcHtmlString(string.Format(@"<script src=""{0}""></script>", url));
}
[Pure]
public static MvcHtmlString CssImportContent(this HtmlHelper htmlHelper, [NotNull, PathReference] string contentPath)
{
// TODO optional 'media' param? as enum?
if (contentPath == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("contentPath");
var url = ContentController.ContentHashUrl(contentPath, "text/css", htmlHelper.ViewContext.HttpContext, new UrlHelper(htmlHelper.ViewContext.RequestContext));
return new MvcHtmlString(String.Format(@"<link rel=""stylesheet"" type=""text/css"" href=""{0}"" />", url));
}
[Pure]
public static string ImageContent(this UrlHelper urlHelper, [NotNull, PathReference] string contentPath)
{
if (contentPath == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException("contentPath");
string mime;
if (contentPath.EndsWith(".png", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
mime = "image/png";
else if (contentPath.EndsWith(".jpg", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) || contentPath.EndsWith(".jpeg", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
mime = "image/jpeg";
else if (contentPath.EndsWith(".gif", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
mime = "image/gif";
else
throw new NotSupportedException("Unexpected image extension. Please add code to support it: " + contentPath);
return ContentController.ContentHashUrl(contentPath, mime, urlHelper.RequestContext.HttpContext, urlHelper);
}
}
Feedback appreciated!