I finally solved it!
It took me nearly two days to find the solution and it is not documented anywhere sothat I would like to share my results with you:
// Open official Facebook app for sharing
await Windows.System.Launcher.LaunchUriAsync(new Uri("fb:post?text=foo"));
I think this is a very cool feature and reminds users of how it works on other plarforms.
In conclusion launching other apps from your app via URI schemes is always a great scenario with a nice user experience.
Hint: Opening the official Facebook App via URI schemes requires at least version 4.1!