You want the SqlCommandBuilder.DeriveParameters(SqlCommand) method. Note that it requires an additional round trip to the database, so it is a somewhat significant performance hit. You should consider caching the results.
An example call:
using (SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(CONNSTRING))
using (SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("StoredProc", conn)) {
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
SqlCommandBuilder.DeriveParameters(cmd);
cmd.Parameters["param1"].Value = "12345";
// ....
}