How can I tell if Android app is running in the foreground?

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Alternately, you can check with the ActivityManager what tasks are running by getRunningTasks method. Then check with the first task(task in the foreground) in the returned List of tasks, if it is your task.
Here is the code example: 

public Notification buildNotification(String arg0, Map<String, String> arg1) {

    ActivityManager activityManager = (ActivityManager) appContext.getSystemService(Context.ACTIVITY_SERVICE);
    List<RunningTaskInfo> services = activityManager
            .getRunningTasks(Integer.MAX_VALUE);
    boolean isActivityFound = false;

    if (services.get(0).topActivity.getPackageName().toString()
            .equalsIgnoreCase(appContext.getPackageName().toString())) {
        isActivityFound = true;
    }

    if (isActivityFound) {
        return null;
    } else {
        // write your code to build a notification.
        // return the notification you built here
    }

}

And don’t forget to add the GET_TASKS permission in the manifest.xml file in order to be able to run getRunningTasks() method in the above code:

<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.GET_TASKS" />

p/s : If agree this way, please to note that this permission now is deprecated.

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