In newer versions of MATLAB (R2015a and later) the easiest way to do this is using the repelem
function:
B = repelem(A, 2, 2);
For older versions, a short alternative to the other (largely) indexing-based solutions is to use the functions kron
and ones
:
>> A = [2 6; 8 4];
>> B = kron(A, ones(2))
B =
2 2 6 6
2 2 6 6
8 8 4 4
8 8 4 4