Since you can’t use LINQ, you can do this with collections and loops instead:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
int[] array = { 10, 5, 10, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 12 };
var dict = new Dictionary<int, int>();
foreach(var value in array)
{
// When the key is not found, "count" will be initialized to 0
dict.TryGetValue(value, out int count);
dict[value] = count + 1;
}
foreach(var pair in dict)
Console.WriteLine("Value {0} occurred {1} times.", pair.Key, pair.Value);
Console.ReadKey();
}