How do I preserve line breaks when getting text from a textarea?

The easiest solution is to simply style the element you’re inserting the text into with the following CSS property:

white-space: pre-wrap;

This property causes whitespace and newlines within the matching elements to be treated in the same way as inside a <textarea>. That is, consecutive whitespace is not collapsed, and lines are broken at explicit newlines (but are also wrapped automatically if they exceed the width of the element).

Given that several of the answers posted here so far have been vulnerable to HTML injection (e.g. because they assign unescaped user input to innerHTML) or otherwise buggy, let me give an example of how to do this safely and correctly, based on your original code:

document.getElementById('post-button').addEventListener('click', function () {
  var post = document.createElement('p');
  var postText = document.getElementById('post-text').value;
  post.append(postText);
  var card = document.createElement('div');
  card.append(post);
  var cardStack = document.getElementById('card-stack');
  cardStack.prepend(card);
});

#card-stack p {
  background: #ddd;
  white-space: pre-wrap;  /* <-- THIS PRESERVES THE LINE BREAKS */
}
textarea {
  width: 100%;
}

<textarea id="post-text" class="form-control" rows="8" placeholder="What's up?" required>Group Schedule:

Tuesday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Thursday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Sunday practice @ (9pm - 12 am)</textarea><br>
<input type="button" id="post-button" value="Post!">
<div id="card-stack"></div>

Note that, like your original code, the snippet above uses append() and prepend(). As of this writing, those functions are still considered experimental and not fully supported by all browsers. If you want to be safe and remain compatible with older browsers, you can substitute them pretty easily as follows:

element.append(otherElement) can be replaced with element.appendChild(otherElement);
element.prepend(otherElement) can be replaced with element.insertBefore(otherElement, element.firstChild);
element.append(stringOfText) can be replaced with element.appendChild(document.createTextNode(stringOfText));
element.prepend(stringOfText) can be replaced with element.insertBefore(document.createTextNode(stringOfText), element.firstChild);
as a special case, if element is empty, both element.append(stringOfText) and element.prepend(stringOfText) can simply be replaced with element.textContent = stringOfText.

Here’s the same snippet as above, but without using append() or prepend():

document.getElementById('post-button').addEventListener('click', function () {
  var post = document.createElement('p');
  var postText = document.getElementById('post-text').value;
  post.textContent = postText;
  var card = document.createElement('div');
  card.appendChild(post);
  var cardStack = document.getElementById('card-stack');
  cardStack.insertBefore(card, cardStack.firstChild);
});

#card-stack p {
  background: #ddd;
  white-space: pre-wrap;  /* <-- THIS PRESERVES THE LINE BREAKS */
}
textarea {
  width: 100%;
}

<textarea id="post-text" class="form-control" rows="8" placeholder="What's up?" required>Group Schedule:

Tuesday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Thursday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Sunday practice @ (9pm - 12 am)</textarea><br>
<input type="button" id="post-button" value="Post!">
<div id="card-stack"></div>

Ps. If you really want to do this without using the CSS white-space property, an alternative solution would be to explicitly replace any newline characters in the text with <br> HTML tags. The tricky part is that, to avoid introducing subtle bugs and potential security holes, you have to first escape any HTML metacharacters (at a minimum, & and <) in the text before you do this replacement.

Probably the simplest and safest way to do that is to let the browser handle the HTML-escaping for you, like this:

var post = document.createElement('p');
post.textContent = postText;
post.innerHTML = post.innerHTML.replace(/\n/g, '<br>\n');

document.getElementById('post-button').addEventListener('click', function () {
  var post = document.createElement('p');
  var postText = document.getElementById('post-text').value;
  post.textContent = postText;
  post.innerHTML = post.innerHTML.replace(/\n/g, '<br>\n');  // <-- THIS FIXES THE LINE BREAKS
  var card = document.createElement('div');
  card.appendChild(post);
  var cardStack = document.getElementById('card-stack');
  cardStack.insertBefore(card, cardStack.firstChild);
});

#card-stack p {
  background: #ddd;
}
textarea {
  width: 100%;
}

<textarea id="post-text" class="form-control" rows="8" placeholder="What's up?" required>Group Schedule:

Tuesday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Thursday practice @ 5th floor (8pm - 11 pm)

Sunday practice @ (9pm - 12 am)</textarea><br>
<input type="button" id="post-button" value="Post!">
<div id="card-stack"></div>

Note that, while this will fix the line breaks, it won’t prevent consecutive whitespace from being collapsed by the HTML renderer. It’s possible to (sort of) emulate that by replacing some of the whitespace in the text with non-breaking spaces, but honestly, that’s getting rather complicated for something that can be trivially solved with a single line of CSS.

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