How do i read single character input from keyboard using nasm (assembly) under ubuntu?

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It can be done from assembly, but it isn’t easy. You can’t use int 21h, that’s a DOS system call and it isn’t available under Linux.

To get characters from the terminal under UNIX-like operating systems (such as Linux), you read from STDIN (file number 0). Normally, the read system call will block until the user presses enter. This is called canonical mode. To read a single character without waiting for the user to press enter, you must first disable canonical mode. Of course, you’ll have to re-enable it if you want line input later on, and before your program exits.

To disable canonical mode on Linux, you send an IOCTL (IO ControL) to STDIN, using the ioctl syscall. I assume you know how to make Linux system calls from assembler.

The ioctl syscall has three parameters. The first is the file to send the command to (STDIN), the second is the IOCTL number, and the third is typically a pointer to a data structure. ioctl returns 0 on success, or a negative error code on fail.

The first IOCTL you need is TCGETS (number 0x5401) which gets the current terminal parameters in a termios structure. The third parameter is a pointer to a termios structure. From the kernel source, the termios structure is defined as:

struct termios {
    tcflag_t c_iflag;               /* input mode flags */
    tcflag_t c_oflag;               /* output mode flags */
    tcflag_t c_cflag;               /* control mode flags */
    tcflag_t c_lflag;               /* local mode flags */
    cc_t c_line;                    /* line discipline */
    cc_t c_cc[NCCS];                /* control characters */
};

where tcflag_t is 32 bits long, cc_t is one byte long, and NCCS is currently defined as 19. See the NASM manual for how you can conveniently define and reserve space for structures like this.

So once you’ve got the current termios, you need to clear the canonical flag. This flag is in the c_lflag field, with mask ICANON (0x00000002). To clear it, compute c_lflag AND (NOT ICANON). and store the result back into the c_lflag field.

Now you need to notify the kernel of your changes to the termios structure. Use the TCSETS (number 0x5402) ioctl, with the third parameter set the the address of your termios structure.

If all goes well, the terminal is now in non-canonical mode. You can restore canonical mode by setting the canonical flag (by ORing c_lflag with ICANON) and calling the TCSETS ioctl again. always restore canonical mode before you exit

As I said, it isn’t easy.

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