How do I update if exists, insert if not (AKA “upsert” or “merge”) in MySQL?

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Use INSERT ... ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE. For example:

INSERT INTO `usage`
(`thing_id`, `times_used`, `first_time_used`)
VALUES
(4815162342, 1, NOW())
ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE
`times_used` = `times_used` + 1

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