How do I write to standard error in PowerShell?

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Use Write-Error to write to stderr. To redirect stderr to file use:

 Write-Error "oops" 2> /temp/err.msg

or 

 exe_that_writes_to_stderr.exe bogus_arg 2> /temp/err.msg

Note that PowerShell writes errors as error records. If you want to avoid the verbose output of the error records, you could write out the error info yourself like so:

PS> Write-Error "oops" -ev ev 2>$null
PS> $ev[0].exception
oops

-EV is short (an alias) for -ErrorVariable. Any errors will be stored in the variable named by the argument to this parameter. PowerShell will still report the error to the console unless we redirect the error to $null.

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