How exactly is Python Bytecode Run in CPython?

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Yes, your understanding is correct. There is basically (very basically) a giant switch statement inside the CPython interpreter that says “if the current opcode is so and so, do this and that”.

http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.3/Python/ceval.c#l790

Other implementations, like Pypy, have JIT compilation, i.e. they translate Python to machine codes on the fly.

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