How to change a command line argument in Bash?

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You have to reset all arguments. To change e.g. argument $3:

$ set -- "${@:1:2}" "new_arg3" "${@:4}"

Basically you set all arguments to their current values, except for the one(s) that you want to change. set -- is also specified by POSIX 7.

The "${@:1:2}" notation is expanded to the two (hence the 2 in the notation) positional arguments starting from offset 1 (i.e. $1). It is a shorthand for "$1" "$2" in this case, but it is much more useful when you want to replace e.g. "${17}".

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