After further searching and testing, I found the solution myself.
NSDictionary* infoDictionary = [[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary];
NSLog(@"%i Keys: %@", [infoDictionary count],
[[infoDictionary allKeys] componentsJoinedByString: @" ,"]);
This snipplet gave me the following output:
20 Keys : NSBundleResolvedPath ,CFBundleVersion ,NSBundleInitialPath ,CFBundleIdentifier ,NSMainNibFile ,CFBundleIconFile ,CFBundleInfoPlistURL ,CFBundleExecutable ,DTSDKName ,UIStatusBarStyle ,CFBundleDevelopmentRegion ,DTPlatformName ,CFBundleInfoDictionaryVersion ,CFBundleSupportedPlatforms ,CFBundleExecutablePath ,CFBundleDisplayName ,LSRequiresIPhoneOS ,CFBundlePackageType ,CFBundleSignature ,CFBundleName
So the solution is as simple as:
NSString *version =[[[NSBundle mainBundle] infoDictionary] valueForKey:@"CFBundleVersion"];
However, this is not the Current Project Version as seen in the screenshot but the Bundle Version of the plist file.