How to save and edit a file using JavaScript?

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Yes you can, HTML5 File API has a saveAs API that can be used to save binary data using Javascript. You can generate a .txt file by first getting the data into a canvas and saving it as:

canvas.toBlob(function(blob) {
  saveAs(blob, filename);
});

See this demo, the text file is actually generated in browser without PHP.
http://eligrey.com/demos/FileSaver.js/

There is an excellent article written back in 2011 by Eli Grey on html5rocks: http://updates.html5rocks.com/2011/08/Saving-generated-files-on-the-client-side

More reading at W3C: Filesaver interface

Edit 2016 Update

My original answer showed an example using the BlobBuilder interface which has since been deprecated and marked as obsolete. It is now recommended to use the Blob Construct to manipulate binary data.

At the time of posting, Blob construct is supported on all major browsers. IE 11, Edge 13, Firefox 43, Chrome 45, Safari 9, Opera 35, iOS Safari 8.4, Android Chrome 49.

Demo:

More reading:

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