How to use `while read` (Bash) to read the last line in a file if there’s no newline at the end of the file?

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I use the following construct:

while IFS= read -r LINE || [[ -n "$LINE" ]]; do
    echo "$LINE"
done

It works with pretty much anything except null characters in the input:

  • Files that start or end with blank lines
  • Lines that start or end with whitespace
  • Files that don’t have a terminating newline

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