First, create the derived value:
df.loc[0, 'C'] = df.loc[0, 'D']
Then iterate through the remaining rows and fill the calculated values:
for i in range(1, len(df)):
df.loc[i, 'C'] = df.loc[i-1, 'C'] * df.loc[i, 'A'] + df.loc[i, 'B']
Index_Date A B C D
0 2015-01-31 10 10 10 10
1 2015-02-01 2 3 23 22
2 2015-02-02 10 60 290 280