Passing string in Get-ADUser filter parameter causes error – property not found in pscustomobject

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The BNF for filter query strings does not allow expressions as the second operand in a comparison, only values (emphasis mine):

Syntax:
The following syntax uses Backus-Naur form to show how to use the PowerShell Expression Language for this parameter.

<filter> ::= “{” <FilterComponentList> “}”
<FilterComponentList> ::= <FilterComponent> | <FilterComponent> <JoinOperator> <FilterComponent> | <NotOperator> <FilterComponent>
<FilterComponent> ::= <attr> <FilterOperator> <value> | “(” <FilterComponent> “)”
<FilterOperator> ::= “-eq” | “-le” | “-ge” | “-ne” | “-lt” | “-gt”| “-approx” | “-bor” | “-band” | “-recursivematch” | “-like” | “-notlike”
<JoinOperator> ::= “-and” | “-or”
<NotOperator> ::= “-not”
<attr> ::= <PropertyName> | <LDAPDisplayName of the attribute>
<value>::= <compare this value with an <attr> by using the specified <FilterOperator>>

Put the value of the property you want to compare against in a variable and use that variable in the comparison. You may also want to define the filter as an actual string, if only for clarity (despite what it looks like the filter is not a scriptblock).

$upn = $newUser.UPN
$exists = Get-ADUser -Filter "UserPrincipalName -eq '$upn'" ...

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