You can do it with typed arrays:
var buffer = new ArrayBuffer(4);
var intView = new Int32Array(buffer);
var floatView = new Float32Array(buffer);
floatView[0] = Math.PI
console.log(intView[0].toString(2)); //bits of the 32 bit float
Or another way:
var view = new DataView(new ArrayBuffer(4));
view.setFloat32(0, Math.PI);
console.log(view.getInt32(0).toString(2)); //bits of the 32 bit float
Not sure what browser support is like though