Send data back to the script which started the activity via adb shell am start

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If the data that you want to send back to your automation script could be serialized into a string less than 4k long – using logcat is a natural choice.
Just make your activity to print the data to the log with Log.i("UNIQUE_TAG", the_data_string_you_want_to_send_back_to_your_script); and then use the following commands in your automation script to capture the output:

# clear the logcat buffer
adb logcat -c

# start your activity
adb shell am start <INTENT>

# this line will block until a string with "UNIQUE_TAG" tag and "Info" priority
# is printed to the main log
adb shell 'logcat -b main -v raw -s UNIQUE_TAG:I | (read -n 1 && kill -2 $((BASHPID-1)))'

# now you can capture the data and process it
DATA=$(adb logcat -d -b main -v raw -s UNIQUE_TAG:I)

In more recent Android versions (7.0+) where logcat properly supports -m <count>, -t <time> and -T <time> parameters you can use this much simpler version without having to clear the log with logcat -c first:

# instead of clearing the log just get the current timestamp
TS=$(adb shell 'echo $EPOCHREALTIME; log ""')

# start your activity
adb shell am start <INTENT>

# this command will return immediately if the data has been printed already or block if not
DATA=$(adb shell "logcat -b main -T $TS -m 1 -v raw -s UNIQUE_TAG:I")

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