SQL is implemented as if a query was executed in the following order:
- FROM clause
- WHERE clause
- GROUP BY clause
- HAVING clause
- SELECT clause
- ORDER BY clause
For most relational database systems, this order explains which names (columns or aliases) are valid because they must have been introduced in a previous step.
So in Oracle and SQL Server, you cannot use a term in the GROUP BY clause that you define in the SELECT clause because the GROUP BY is executed before the SELECT clause.
There are exceptions though: MySQL and Postgres seem to have additional smartness that allows it.