You can do it this way:
UPDATE table_users
SET cod_user = (case when user_role="student" then '622057'
when user_role="assistant" then '2913659'
when user_role="admin" then '6160230'
end),
date="12082014"
WHERE user_role in ('student', 'assistant', 'admin') AND
cod_office="17389551";
I don’t understand your date format. Dates should be stored in the database using native date and time types.