What are the safe characters for making URLs?

To quote section 2.3 of RFC 3986:

Characters that are allowed in a URI, but do not have a reserved
purpose, are called unreserved. These include uppercase and lowercase
letters, decimal digits, hyphen, period, underscore, and tilde.

  ALPHA  DIGIT  "-" / "." / "_" / "~"

Note that RFC 3986 lists fewer reserved punctuation marks than the older RFC 2396.

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