What happens to the primary key Id when it goes over the limit?

by

You get an error if the identity would exceed the bounds of the datatype making the rest of your question moot. You can see this by

CREATE TABLE #T
(
id INT IDENTITY(2147483647,1)
)

INSERT INTO #T
DEFAULT VALUES

INSERT INTO #T
DEFAULT VALUES /*Arithmetic overflow error converting IDENTITY to data type int.*/

GO

SELECT * FROM #T

DROP TABLE #T

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