What is the difference between :before and ::before?

According to those docs, they are equivalent:

element:before  { style properties }  /* CSS2 syntax */

element::before { style properties }  /* CSS3 syntax */

The only difference is that the double colon is used in CSS3, whereas the single colon is the legacy version.

Reasoning:

The ::before notation was introduced in CSS 3 in order to establish a
discrimination between pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. Browsers
also accept the notation :before introduced in CSS 2.

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