What is the order of execution for this SQL statement

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Check out the documentation for the SELECT statement, in particular this section:

Logical Processing Order of the SELECT statement

The following steps show the logical processing order, or binding
order, for a SELECT statement. This order determines when the objects
defined in one step are made available to the clauses in subsequent
steps. For example, if the query processor can bind to (access) the
tables or views defined in the FROM clause, these objects and their
columns are made available to all subsequent steps. Conversely,
because the SELECT clause is step 8, any column aliases or derived
columns defined in that clause cannot be referenced by preceding
clauses. However, they can be referenced by subsequent clauses such as
the ORDER BY clause. Note that the actual physical execution of the
statement is determined by the query processor and the order may vary
from this list.

which gives the following order:

FROM
ON
JOIN
WHERE
GROUP BY
WITH CUBE or WITH ROLLUP
HAVING
SELECT
DISTINCT
ORDER BY
TOP

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