what url should I authorize to use pip behind a firewall?

You need to open up your firewall to the download locations of any package you need to install, or connect to a proxy server that has been given access.

Note that the download location is not necessarily on PyPI. The Python package index is a metadata service, one that happens to also provide storage for the indexed packages. As such, not all packages indexed on PyPI are actually downloaded from PyPI, the download location could be anywhere on the internet.

I’d say you start with opening pypi.python.org, then as individual package installions fail, check their PyPI page and add the download location listed for those.

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