What’s the difference between NOT EXISTS vs. NOT IN vs. LEFT JOIN WHERE IS NULL?

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In a nutshell:

NOT IN is a little bit different: it never matches if there is but a single NULL in the list.

  • In MySQL, NOT EXISTS is a little bit less efficient

  • In SQL Server, LEFT JOIN / IS NULL is less efficient

  • In PostgreSQL, NOT IN is less efficient

  • In Oracle, all three methods are the same.

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