When are square brackets required in a Bash if statement?

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The square brackets are a synonym for the test command. An if statement checks the exit status of a command in order to decide which branch to take. grep -q "$text" is a command, but "$name" = 'Bob' is not–it’s just an expression. test is a command, which takes an expression and evaluates it:

if test "$name" = 'Bob'; then ...

Since square brackets are a synonym for the test command, you can then rewrite it as your original statement:

if [ "$name" = 'Bob' ]; then ...

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