Take a look in:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\FileExts\
and the sub-key of that is the extension you reassigned. Under that there will be the UserChoice and OpenWithList sub-keys which will contain your redefinition.
You may also want to read http://support.microsoft.com/kb/950505 which talks about your issue.
Update
As of Windows 8, life has gotten far more complicated. To create an extension association a custom hash needs to get calculated.
Fortunately, someone has reverse engineered the process and created a PowerShell script to do this without having to go through any GUI.
You can find it at the following GitHub link: