Why can’t you modify the data returned by a Mongoose Query (ex: findById)

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For cases like this where you want a plain JS object instead of a full model instance, you can call lean() on the query chain like so:

Survey.findById(req.params.id).lean().exec(function(err, data){
    var len = data.survey_questions.length;
    var counter = 0;

    _.each(data.survey_questions, function(sq){
        Question.findById(sq.question, function(err, q){
            sq.question = q;

            if(++counter == len) {
                res.send(data);
            }
        });
    });
});

This way data is already a plain JS object you can manipulate as you need to.

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