Why does substring slicing with index out of range work?

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You’re correct! 'example'[3:4] and 'example'[3] are fundamentally different, and slicing outside the bounds of a sequence (at least for built-ins) doesn’t cause an error.

It might be surprising at first, but it makes sense when you think about it. Indexing returns a single item, but slicing returns a subsequence of items. So when you try to index a nonexistent value, there’s nothing to return. But when you slice a sequence outside of bounds, you can still return an empty sequence.

Part of what’s confusing here is that strings behave a little differently from lists. Look what happens when you do the same thing to a list: 

>>> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5][3]
3
>>> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5][3:4]
[3]

Here the difference is obvious. In the case of strings, the results appear to be identical because in Python, there’s no such thing as an individual character outside of a string. A single character is just a 1-character string.

(For the exact semantics of slicing outside the range of a sequence, see mgilson’s answer.)

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