Android Studio error: “Manifest merger failed: Apps targeting Android 12” [duplicate]

You need to specify android:exported="false" or android:exported="true"

Manifest:

<activity
    android:name=".MainActivity"
    android:exported="true"
    android:theme="@style/Theme.MyApplication.NoActionBar">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

as mentioned in the document:

If your app targets Android 12 and contains activities, services, or
broadcast receivers that use intent filters, you must explicitly
declare the android: exported attribute for these app components.

Warning: If an activity, service, or broadcast receiver uses intent
filters and doesn’t have an explicitly-declared value for
android:exported, your app can’t be installed on a device that runs
Android 12.

Also check when to use true/false for the ‘android:exported’ value.

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