Convert array of 2-element arrays into a hash, where duplicate keys append additional values

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Using functional baby steps:

irb:01.0> array = [[:a,:b],[:a,:c],[:c,:b]]
#=> [[:a, :b], [:a, :c], [:c, :b]]

irb:02.0> array.group_by(&:first)
#=> {:a=>[[:a, :b], [:a, :c]], :c=>[[:c, :b]]}

irb:03.0> array.group_by(&:first).map{ |k,a| [k,a.map(&:last)] }
#=> [[:a, [:b, :c]], [:c, [:b]]]

irb:04.0> Hash[ array.group_by(&:first).map{ |k,a| [k,a.map(&:last)] } ]
#=> {:a=>[:b, :c], :c=>[:b]}

Using imperative style programming:

irb:10.0> h = Hash.new{ |h,k| h[k]=[] }
#=> {}

irb:11.0> array.each{ |k,v| h[k] << v }
#=> [[:a, :b], [:a, :c], [:c, :b]]

irb:12.0> h
#=> {:a=>[:b, :c], :c=>[:b]}

As an imperative one-liner:

irb:13.0> h = Hash.new{ |h,k| h[k]=[] }.tap{ |h| array.each{ |k,v| h[k] << v } }
#=> {:a=>[:b, :c], :c=>[:b]}

Or using everyone’s favorite inject:

irb:14.0> array.inject(Hash.new{ |h,k| h[k]=[] }){ |h,(k,v)| h[k] << v; h }
#=> {:a=>[:b, :c], :c=>[:b]}

If you really want to have single values not collided as an array, you can either un-array them as a post-processing step, or use a different hash accumulation strategy that only creates an array upon collision. Alternatively, wrap your head around this:

irb:17.0> hashes = array.map{ |pair| Hash[*pair] } # merge many mini hashes
#=> [{:a=>:b}, {:a=>:c}, {:c=>:b}]

irb:18.0> hashes.inject{ |h1,h2| h1.merge(h2){ |*a| a[1,2] } }
#=> {:a=>[:b, :c], :c=>:b}

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