Each container has its own network interface with its own localhost. So change how Java points to Postgres:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5432/sample
To:
spring.datasource.url=jdbc:postgresql://db:5432/sample
db
will resolve to the proper Postgres IP.
Bonus. With docker-compose you don’t need to build your image by hand. So change:
web:
image: myuser/manager:latest
To:
web:
build: .