Memory access through pointers is said to be more efficient than memory access through an array.
That may have been true in the past when compilers were relatively stupid beasts. You only need to look at some of the code output by gcc in high optimisation modes to know that it is no longer true. Some of that code is very hard to understand but, once you do, its brilliance is evident.
A decent compiler will generate the same code for pointer accesses and array accesses and you should probably not be worrying about that level of performance. The people that write compilers know far more about their target architectures than we mere mortals. Concentrate more on the macro level when optimising your code (algorithm selection and so on) and trust in your tool-makers to do their job.
In fact, I’m surprised the compiler didn’t optimise the entire
temp = a[0];
line out of existence since temp is over-written in the very next line with a different value and a is in no way marked volatile.
I remember an urban myth from long ago about a benchmark for the latest VAX Fortran compiler (showing my age here) that outperformed its competitors by several orders of magnitude.
Turns out the compiler figured out that the result from the benchmark calculation wasn’t used anywhere so it optimised the entire calculation loop into oblivion. Hence the substantial improvement in run speed.
Update: The reason that optimised code is more efficient in your particular case is because of the way you find the location. a will be at a fixed location decided at link/load time and the reference to it will be fixed up at the same time. So a[0] or indeed a[any constant] will be at a fixed location.
And p itself will also be at a fixed location for the same reason. But *p (the contents of p) is variable and therefore will have an extra lookup involved to find the correct memory location.
You’ll probably find that having yet another variable x set to 0 (not const) and using a[x] would also introduce extra calculations.
In one of your comments, you state:
Doing as you suggested resulted in 3 instructions for memory access through arrays too (fetch index, fetch value of array element, store in temp). But I am still unable to see the efficiency. 🙁
My response to that is that you very likely won’t see an efficiency in using pointers. Modern compilers are more than up to the task of figuring out that array operations and pointer operations can be turned into the same underlying machine code.
In fact, without optimisation turned on, pointer code can be less efficient. Consider the following translations:
int *pa, i, a[10];
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
a[i] = 100;
/*
movl $0, -16(%ebp) ; this is i, init to 0
L2:
cmpl $9, -16(%ebp) ; from 0 to 9
jg L3
movl -16(%ebp), %eax ; load i into register
movl $100, -72(%ebp,%eax,4) ; store 100 based on array/i
leal -16(%ebp), %eax ; get address of i
incl (%eax) ; increment
jmp L2 ; and loop
L3:
*/
for (pa = a; pa < a + 10; pa++)
*pa = 100;
/*
leal -72(%ebp), %eax
movl %eax, -12(%ebp) ; this is pa, init to &a[0]
L5:
leal -72(%ebp), %eax
addl $40, %eax
cmpl -12(%ebp), %eax ; is pa at &(a[10])
jbe L6 ; yes, stop
movl -12(%ebp), %eax ; get pa
movl $100, (%eax) ; store 100
leal -12(%ebp), %eax ; get pa
addl $4, (%eax) ; add 4 (sizeof int)
jmp L5 ; loop around
L6:
*/
From that example, you can actually see that the pointer example is longer, and unnecessarily so. It loads pa into %eax multiple times without it changing and indeed alternates %eax between pa and &(a[10]). The default optimisation here is basically none at all.
When you switch up to optimisation level 2, the code you get is:
xorl %eax, %eax
L5:
movl $100, %edx
movl %edx, -56(%ebp,%eax,4)
incl %eax
cmpl $9, %eax
jle L5
for the array version, and:
leal -56(%ebp), %eax
leal -16(%ebp), %edx
jmp L14
L16:
movl $100, (%eax)
addl $4, %eax
L14:
cmpl %eax, %edx
ja L16
for the pointer version.
I’m not going to do an analysis on clock cycles here (since it’s too much work and I’m basically lazy) but I will point out one thing. There’s not a huge difference in the code for both versions in terms of assembler instructions and, given the speeds that modern CPUs actually run at, you won’t notice a difference unless you’re doing billions of these operations. I always tend to prefer writing code for readability and only worrying about performance if it becomes an issue.
As an aside, that statement you reference:
5.3 Pointers and Arrays: The pointer version will in general be faster but, at least to the uninitiated, somewhat harder to grasp immediately.
dates back to the earliest versions of K&R, including my ancient 1978 one where functions are still written:
getint(pn)
int *pn;
{
...
}
Compilers have come an awfully long way since back then.