It should be possible by calling PackageManager.getInstalledPackages() with GET_PROVIDERS
.
EDIT: example:
for (PackageInfo pack : getPackageManager().getInstalledPackages(PackageManager.GET_PROVIDERS)) {
ProviderInfo[] providers = pack.providers;
if (providers != null) {
for (ProviderInfo provider : providers) {
Log.d("Example", "provider: " + provider.authority);
}
}
}