How can I change the NavigationView’s item text size?

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Create new style at the file app/src/main/res/values/styles.xml

<style name="NavigationDrawerStyle">

        <item name="android:textSize">20sp</item><!-- text size in menu-->

        <!-- item size in menu-->
        <item name="android:listPreferredItemHeightSmall">40dp</item>
        <item name="listPreferredItemHeightSmall">40dp</item>

        <!-- item padding left in menu-->
        <item name="android:listPreferredItemPaddingLeft">8dp</item>
        <item name="listPreferredItemPaddingLeft">8dp</item>

        <!-- item padding right in menu-->
        <item name="android:listPreferredItemPaddingRight">8dp</item>
        <item name="listPreferredItemPaddingRight">8dp</item>
    </style>

Add it to your main_layout.xml

  <android.support.design.widget.NavigationView
       ...
        app:theme="@style/NavigationDrawerStyle"
       ....>


    </android.support.design.widget.NavigationView>

All params of the navigation items (which you can change) are located here (path to file ...\sdk\extras\android\support\design\res\layout\design_navigation_item.xml )

design_navigation_item.xml 

<android.support.design.internal.NavigationMenuItemView
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="?attr/listPreferredItemHeightSmall"
    android:paddingLeft="?attr/listPreferredItemPaddingLeft"
    android:paddingRight="?attr/listPreferredItemPaddingRight"
    android:drawablePadding="@dimen/navigation_icon_padding"
    android:gravity="center_vertical|start"
    android:maxLines="1"
    android:fontFamily="sans-serif-thin"
    android:textSize="22sp"
    android:textAppearance="?attr/textAppearanceListItem" />

Also you can override *.xml file (copy file from ...\sdk\extras\android\support\design\res\layout\design_navigation_item.xml), just in your app/src/main/res/layout folder create a layout named the same design_navigation_item.xml.

All layouts which can be Overriden are located here ...\sdk\extras\android\support\design\res\layout\

design_layout_snackbar.xml
design_layout_snackbar_include.xml
design_layout_tab_icon.xml
design_layout_tab_text.xml
design_navigation_item.xml
design_navigation_item_header.xml
design_navigation_item_separator.xml
design_navigation_item_subheader.xml
design_navigation_menu.xml

[UPDATE] Each version of com.android.support:design-{version} lib has different items to override.
Check all what you need in

enter image description here

[UPDATE 04/14/2020]

If you are using com.google.android.material.navigation.NavigationView
then open the class, and you will see:

public NavigationView(@NonNull Context context, @Nullable AttributeSet attrs) {
    this(context, attrs, R.attr.navigationViewStyle);
  }

So you can use attr navigationViewStyle to set your own style for the NavigationView via theme of your app:

NB: parent theme of AppTheme should be Theme.MaterialComponents

    <style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.MaterialComponents.Light.NoActionBar.Bridge">
   ...
<item name="navigationViewStyle">@style/AppNavigationViewStyle</item>
   ...
    </style>

<style name="AppNavigationViewStyle" parent="Widget.MaterialComponents.NavigationView">
        <item name="itemTextAppearance">@style/AppNavigationViewItemTextAppearance</item>
   </style>
<style name="AppNavigationViewItemTextAppearance" parent="@style/TextAppearance.MaterialComponents.Subtitle2">
         <item name="android:textSize">18sp</item>
   </style>

Just open parent theme to see all <item name attrs for override

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