How can I download a specific Maven artifact in one command line?

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You could use the maven dependency plugin which has a nice dependency:get goal since version 2.1. No need for a pom, everything happens on the command line.

To make sure to find the dependency:get goal, you need to explicitly tell maven to use the version 2.1, i.e. you need to use the fully qualified name of the plugin, including the version: 

mvn org.apache.maven.plugins:maven-dependency-plugin:2.1:get \
    -DrepoUrl=url \
    -Dartifact=groupId:artifactId:version

UPDATE: With older versions of Maven (prior to 2.1), it is possible to run dependency:get normally (without using the fully qualified name and version) by forcing your copy of maven to use a given version of a plugin.

This can be done as follows:

1. Add the following line within the <settings> element of your ~/.m2/settings.xml file: 

<usePluginRegistry>true</usePluginRegistry>

2. Add the file ~/.m2/plugin-registry.xml with the following contents:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<pluginRegistry xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/PLUGIN_REGISTRY/1.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/plugin-registry-1.0.0.xsd"
xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/PLUGIN_REGISTRY/1.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
  <plugins>
    <plugin>
      <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
      <artifactId>maven-dependency-plugin</artifactId>
      <useVersion>2.1</useVersion>
      <rejectedVersions/>
    </plugin>
  </plugins>
</pluginRegistry>

But this doesn’t seem to work anymore with maven 2.1/2.2. Actually, according to the Introduction to the Plugin Registry, features of the plugin-registry.xml have been redesigned (for portability) and the plugin registry is currently in a semi-dormant state within Maven 2. So I think we have to use the long name for now (when using the plugin without a pom, which is the idea behind dependency:get).

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